1. Non-specific
responses are generalized responses to pathogen infection - they do not target
a specific cell type. The non-specific response consist of some white blood
cells and plasma proteins
List
of strategies
i.
Physical barriers- uses skin and mucous
membrane to prevent foreign substances from entering the body
ii.
Phagocytes- cells which "eat"
foreign material to destroy them
1. Phagocytes
are formed from stem cells in bone marrow (stem cells are undifferentiated
white blood cells)
2. Nuerophils
, Eosinphils, and macrophages are also used
a. Neurophils-phagocytize
bacteria
b. Eosinophils-secrete
enzymes to kill parasitic worms among other pathogens
c. Macrophages-"big
eaters" phagocytize just about anything
iii.
Immunological surveillance- uses natural
killer cells
iv.
Interferon-uses interferons (chemical
messengers)
v.
Complement- uses a group of proteins
that can attach to pathogens and antigens
vi.
Inflammatory response- uses mast cells,
and basophils to release histamine which increases local blood flow
1. Mast
cells-similar to basophils, mast cells contain a variety of inflammatory
chemicals including histamine and seratonin. Cause blood vessels near
wound to constrict
2. Basophils-contain
granules of toxic chemicals that can digest foreign microorganisms. These
are cells involved in an allergic response
vii.
Fever-Increased body temperature due to
antibodies or chemicals released by macrophages or pathogens
2.
There are two types of T cells, helper cells
which help B cells, and Killer Cells which kill foreign substances. The T cells
are activated when a phagocyte eats a foreign substance and takes it to the
spleen to identify what the foreign substance is. The T cells make an antigen
that binds to the foreign substance so the B cells can "kill" the
foreign invader.
a.
Helper T cells - produce and secrete
chemicals which promote large numbers of effector and memory cells
b.
Cytotoxic T cells - T lymphocytes that
eliminate infected body cells and tumor cells
c.
B cells - produce antibodies (secrete them
in the blood or position them on their cell surfaces
3.
Same process except it is faster than
previously. The immune system creates memory B cells that remember the foreign
substance and it begins immune responses to fight off the infectious agent that
it has encountered before.
4.
Each type of virus, bacteria, or other
foreign body has molecular markers which make it unique
a.
Host lymphocytes (i.e. those in your body)
can recognize self-proteins (i.e. those which are not foreign)
b.
When a non-self (foreign) body is detected,
mitotic activity in B and T lymphocytes is stimulated
c.
While mitosis is occurring, the daughter
populations become subdivided
d.
Effector cells - when fully differentiated,
they will seek and destroy foreign
e.
Memory cells - become dormant, but can be
triggered to rapid mitosis if pathogen encountered again
