Friday, March 7, 2014

Immune System Quiz


1.      Non-specific responses are generalized responses to pathogen infection - they do not target a specific cell type. The non-specific response consist of some white blood cells and plasma proteins

List of strategies

                                                              i.      Physical barriers- uses skin and mucous membrane to prevent foreign substances from entering the body

                                                            ii.      Phagocytes- cells which "eat" foreign material to destroy them

1.      Phagocytes are formed from stem cells in bone marrow (stem cells are undifferentiated white blood cells)

2.      Nuerophils , Eosinphils, and macrophages are also used

a.       Neurophils-phagocytize bacteria

b.      Eosinophils-secrete enzymes to kill parasitic worms among other pathogens

c.       Macrophages-"big eaters" phagocytize just about anything
 

Macrophage destroying bacterial cells
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect23.htm


 

                                                          iii.      Immunological surveillance- uses natural killer cells

                                                          iv.      Interferon-uses interferons (chemical messengers)

                                                            v.      Complement- uses a group of proteins that can attach to pathogens and antigens

                                                          vi.      Inflammatory response- uses mast cells, and basophils to release histamine which increases local blood flow

1.      Mast cells-similar to basophils, mast cells contain a variety of inflammatory chemicals including histamine and seratonin.  Cause blood vessels near wound to constrict

2.      Basophils-contain granules of toxic chemicals that can digest foreign microorganisms.  These are cells involved in an allergic response

                                                        vii.      Fever-Increased body temperature due to antibodies or chemicals released by macrophages or pathogens

 


 
2.      There are two types of T cells, helper cells which help B cells, and Killer Cells which kill foreign substances. The T cells are activated when a phagocyte eats a foreign substance and takes it to the spleen to identify what the foreign substance is. The T cells make an antigen that binds to the foreign substance so the B cells can "kill" the foreign invader.

a.       Helper T cells - produce and secrete chemicals which promote large numbers of effector and memory cells

b.      Cytotoxic T cells - T lymphocytes that eliminate infected body cells and tumor cells

c.       B cells - produce antibodies (secrete them in the blood or position them on their cell surfaces

 
 
 
3.      Same process except it is faster than previously. The immune system creates memory B cells that remember the foreign substance and it begins immune responses to fight off the infectious agent that it has encountered before.

 

4.      Each type of virus, bacteria, or other foreign body has molecular markers which make it unique

a.       Host lymphocytes (i.e. those in your body) can recognize self-proteins (i.e. those which are not foreign)

b.      When a non-self (foreign) body is detected, mitotic activity in B and T lymphocytes is stimulated

c.       While mitosis is occurring, the daughter populations become subdivided

d.      Effector cells - when fully differentiated, they will seek and destroy foreign

e.       Memory cells - become dormant, but can be triggered to rapid mitosis if pathogen encountered again

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